The Construction Chart Book presents the most complete data available on all facets of the U.S. construction industry: economic, demographic, employment/income, education/training, and safety and health issues. The company focuses heavily on meeting the current trends and changing strategic needs of companies and our chosen markets. The Willis Tower (formerly known as and commonly referred to as the Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1,450-foot (442.1 m) skyscraper in Chicago.The tower has 108 stories as counted by standard methods, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110. • 28 double decker express shuttle shuttle elevators serve the sky lobbies • 63 single deck elevators for intra-zonal travel • 6 freight elevators • Two express . The Willis Tower elevator system makes more than 46,000 daily trips and serves an estimated 5.8 million people each year. [25] In his decision on June 12, Judge Charles R. Barrett contended the plaintiffs did not have a right to undistorted television reception.[26]. The all-glass boxes, informally dubbed "The Ledge", allow visitors to see the street below. Found insideYears earlier I had visited the Sears Tower as a Motorola software engineer to service a computer system for our client ... directions and it took me forever to reach the Enablon offices on the fifty-fourth floor—an elevator halfway up, ... [47] In 2017, Blackstone announced a $500 million "facelift" for the property which would include the construction of a six-story commercial complex in the tower's plaza area. As an affiliate of Blackstone, a pre-eminent global asset manager providing significant financial strength and long-term stability, we are extremely well capitalized. In the 2013 film Man of Steel, the tower is the location of the offices of the Daily Planet.[85]. Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), Chicago Plans for first torque-based door operator controls to automatically compensate for stack effect variations. The $500 million renovation project now underway will add more than 300,000 square feet of new retail, dining and entertainment space at the base of the tower, 150,000 square feet of new tenant amenity spaces, and a 30,000 square-foot outdoor deck and garden. [41] In response to the perceived threat of an attack, the building's largest tenant at this time, Ernst & Young, moved to North Wacker Drive in early 2009. Elisha Graves Otis invented the safe elevator almost by accident. In doing so he made possible the construction of the skyscraper and laid the technical foundation for dynamic urban centers around the world. [39] After three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two acquitted. It was hoped that a new, silver, paint-job would "rebrand" the building and highlight its advances in energy efficiency for an estimated cost of $50 million. The superstructure also supports a mechanical penthouse level that rises 22' above the lower roof, topping the building out at 214'. However, the extension of the tower's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,729 feet (527 m) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height. “The Willis Tower is pleased to collaborate with Otis on the modernization of our elevator system,” said David Moore, Senior Vice President, Portfolio Director, Equity Office. [31] Just two years later, Sears began a move of its own offices out of the building[citation needed] to a new campus in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, which was completed in 1995. Offers architectural and engineering information about buildings in Chicago's central business and residential districts. The Willis Tower: a landmark of modern architecture. However, local area residents still refer to the buiding by its old name.[9]. The Willis Tower elevator system makes over 46,000 daily trips and serves about 5.8 million people each year (over 15,000 per day). Otis, the world’s leading manufacturer and maintainer of people-moving products, including elevators, escalators and moving walkways, is a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX). [37][38] The case went to court in October 2007. Found inside – Page 94The John Hancock and Willis towers in Chicago and the destroyed World Trade Center towers in New York City are, ... 3 feet (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls for all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. Moreover, in 2018, Otis finalized to modernize the Willis Tower in Chicago. "Willis Tower Sears Tower Construction Essay." All Answers Ltd. ukessays.com, November 2013. Experts warn of brutal flu season as COVID-19 still spreads. It was topped with two antennas for television and radio broadcasting. The Willis Tower still claims the distinction of having the highest occupied floor among North American buildings. Found inside – Page 18Because adding floors to a tower requires more elevators , space for offices on the floors below must be ... in separate articles how the design of the building and the elevator system evolved through meetings with the owner ... Until 2000, the tower did not hold the record for being the tallest building by pinnacle height. . The Skydeck elevators rise from Lower Level 2 which gives a total rise of approximately 1,382 feet to the 103rd floor. Willis Tower attained LEED Gold status in 2018. An investigation of thirty skyscrapers from around the world—both recently built and under construction—that explains the structural principles behind their creation Two years ago, work on one of the most recognized buildings in the Chicago skyline, Willis Tower, (formerly the Sears Tower) began. Many of its systems are scheduled to receive upgrades, which will be performed in a way to maximize energy savings by using the best technology available. The book concludes with a series of skyscrapers in progress by a new generation of architects who have a strong sense of the city's history yet embrace modern technology and styles. The elevator upgrades are part of a $500 million renovation that will add more than 300,000 square feet of retail and entertainment space at the base of the building at 233 S. Wacker Drive. The Willis Tower's 4.56 million gross square feet would cover 105 acres if spread across one level, roughly the equivalent of 16 city blocks in Chicago. Sears closing Woodfield Mall store, its last in Illinois, EV truck startup Rivian launches production in Normal. "[72], Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of Willis Tower. Found inside – Page 467Halon system, 170 hazardous materials inventory statement (HMIS), 397 hazardous materials management plan (HMMP), 396 Heating, ... 376–377 fire-resistive (1870–1930), 373–374 fire tower, 375f hazards in access stairs, 377 elevators, ... Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven-hour climb and was later charged with trespassing. Otis is the world’s leading manufacturer and maintainer of people-moving products, including elevators, escalators and moving walkways. The Willis Tower is maintained and adapted to suit the needs of Chicago in 2166. Long known as the Sears Tower, the recently renamed Willis Tower is an icon of the Chicago skyline and remains its tallest building. [5] It is currently the third-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere – and the 23rd-tallest in the world. The tower was completed for $160 Million and used 76,000 tons of steel, 72,000 cubic yards of concrete, 17,500 tons of mechanical equipment. [46] On August 13, 2012, United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower. One World Trade Center (also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly Freedom Tower) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City.One WTC is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest in the world.The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the . How long is the elevator ride to the top of the Sears Tower? 1 Australia 1.1 New South Wales 1.2 Queensland 2 Canada 2.1 British Columbia 2.2 Ontario 3 China 4 Indonesia 4.1 Jakarta 5 Singapore 6 Thailand 6.1 Bangkok 7 United States 7.1 Arizona 7.2 California 7.3 Illinois 7.4 Pennsylvania 7.5 Texas 7.6 Other states 8 Other countries 9 Notes and references Colonial Centre, Sydney One . On the 50th, 66th, 90th floors the numbers of tubes reduce by two or more. This is supported by a series of case studies, featuring mainly skyscraper buildings from all over the world by a range of architects of international renown. Sears asked its outside counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow (now known as Arnstein & Lehr, LLP) to suggest a location. The suits alleged that above that point television reception would deteriorate and cause property values to plummet. [8] Morgan Stanley plans to move to the building in 2019 and become its fourth-largest tenant by 2020. "This job is a tall order: Sears Tower project is the height of redevelopment. Elevators to the Skydeck tourist attraction, which is visited by more than 1.7 million people each year, are not part of the project. VT system design for 70-story and 45-story office towers. Sears decided to focus their initial occupancy on housing their merchandise group, renting out the remaining space to other tenants until needed. Most Illinois schools have not yet started COVID-19 saliva SHIELD testing. [21], Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th–32nd, 64th–65th, 88th–89th, and 104th–108th floors. In January 2009, a major renovation of the Skydeck was begun, including the installation of retractable glass balconies which extend approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) from the facade of the 103rd floor, overlooking South Wacker Drive. What makes it particularly special are the people that are all working together to make it happen. Efficiency was improved via upgrades to heating and cooling systems, hot water generators, lighting, plumbing and an ongoing major overhaul of the elevator systems, Equity Office said. At 1,482.6 feet (451.9 m) tall, including decorative spires, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, controversially claimed to be the tallest building in the world in 1998. Found inside – Page 151633.2 DOUBLE‐DECK ELEVATORS The double‐deck elevator is a recently revived and revised technique to answer the needs of tall buildings such as the Willis Tower (formerly known as the Sears Tower) in Chicago and Citicorp Tower in New York ... Willis Tower and Skydeck Chicago have implemented measures consistent with CDC and local and federal guidance to try to reduce the spread of COVID-19 on the premises, including enhanced cleaning protocols. The Willis Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974. [20] By comparison, Taipei 101, built in 2004, cost the equivalent of US$2.21 billion in 2018 dollars. [8][needs update], It was named the Sears Tower until 2009, serving as the headquarters of retail company Sears from its opening in 1974 to 1994. Written By Editor on September 17, 2018 in Construction, retail, Skyscrapers, The Loop, _story. Located on the 103rd floor at an elevation of 1,353 feet (412.4 m), it is the highest observation deck in the United States[citation needed] and one of Chicago's most famous tourist attractions. Starting in June, 83 elevators and 97 passenger cabs, including their machine rooms, motors . DW Hammer is a Chicago-based General Contractor specializing in Base Building Infrastructure, Tenant Interiors, and Mission Critical Construction. [according to whom?] [12] Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street the project absorbed.[13]. The construction cost about US$150 million,[19] equivalent to $870 million in 2021 dollars. Smart elevator systems such as modern digital controls systems include access controls i.e. The Willis Tower (formerly known as and commonly referred to as the Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1,450-foot (442.1 m) skyscraper in Chicago. Interestingly, the Willis Tower needs 104 elevators, including some double-decker elevators, to move approximately 25,000 people per day. "It is truly an honor to be a part of a project of this magnitude and significance. View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck, A ground-level view of the multiple balconies at Willis Tower Skydeck, View of Willis Tower from John Hancock Center, The Eisenhower Expressway and Jane Byrne Interchange (looking west from Willis Tower), Three glass bottom skyboxes (top right) on the west façade of Willis Tower at the 103rd floor. September 2010 At peak construction, over 2,400 workers were on site representing 60 different subcontractors. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, Kerch, Steve (October 20, 1991). Completed in 1974, Willis Tower set the standard for supertall skyscrapers around the globe, both in its innovative design and graceful styling. In the 2014 film Divergent, it is shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago. The 103rd floor observation deck is 1,354 ft (413 m) above the Franklin Street entrance. From 1969 to 1978, this record was held by John Hancock Center, whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 feet (457.2 m), 49 feet (14.9 m) taller than the Sears Tower's original height. For more information, visit www.WillisTower.com. . (The highest natural point in Illinois is the. The iconic property at 233 S. Wacker Drive is undergoing the largest restorative transformation in its 43-year history, estimated to cost more than $500 million. The Sears Skydeck was renamed Skydeck Chicago. Found inside“An intense snapshot of the chain reaction caused by pulling a trigger.” —Booklist (starred review) “Astonishing.” —Kirkus Reviews (starred review) “A tour de force.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) A Newbery Honor ... - See 17,512 traveler reviews, 10,618 candid photos, and great deals for Chicago, IL, at Tripadvisor. An ambitious, newly executed $500M repositioning project brings the 20th-century marvel . While the Willis Tower is no longer the tallest building in the world, it does have the one of the world's longest elevator rides. Willis Tower is a 108-story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.. View a detailed profile of the structure 117064 including further data and descriptions in the Emporis database. [30], As the maturation of the mortgage approached, Sears renegotiated the loan in 1994. It was both structurally efficient and economic: at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building and cost much less per unit area. Help . With an average tenure of over 25 years in the real estate industry, our regional leaders also head teams with deep experience across the board from investment and asset management, to property management, development and construction. In the 2018 film Rampage, the Energyne corporation is headquartered in the building and uses the tower's antenna to broadcast an echolocation signal that would attract three mutated monsters. The elevators in Chicago's Willis Tower are getting replaced for the first time since the iconic skyscraper was built in 1973. Otis is a unit of United Technologies Corp., a leading provider to the aerospace and building systems industries worldwide. Assuming it weighs kg, the work done is calculated as a function of time. Even with these procedures in place, PLEASE BE ADVISED that building occupants, building and Skydeck visitors, or others currently or . 900 North Michigan, Park Tower, the John Hancock Center, the Trump Tower, and Aon Center (L-R) as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck. [34], In 2004, MetLife sold the building to a group of investors including New York-based Joseph Chetrit, Joseph Moinian, Lloyd Goldman, Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil, and Skokie, Illinois-based American Landmark Properties. ; Sears Tower owners to press city for zoning change, subsidy to add 2nd building as part of mega-million-dollar project next to landmark", "Tallest Building in Western Hemisphere is Renamed Willis Tower", "Willis Tower in line for a $500 million facelift", "Flooding at Willis Tower knocks TV, radio signals off the air", "Sears Tower unveils 103rd floor glass balconies", "Coating on Willis Tower Skydeck's Ledge Cracks Under Tourists", "Protective layer of Willis Tower's SkyDeck cracks under visitors' feet", "Height: The History of Measuring Tall Buildings", "Burj Khalifa surpasses the height of Sears Tower in Chicago", "Willis Tower Fun Facts | Fun Facts for Children", "Chicago Cubs History and News – Welcome to Just One Bad Century", "Sears Tower in Chicago Is Scaled by Stunt Man", "Spiderman scales Sears Tower w/Stan Lee interview", "Hundreds of stair climbers reach new heights for annual SkyRise Chicago at Willis Tower", "Sears Tower name to change to Willis Tower", "Willis could get Sears Tower naming rights", "Sears Tower name change: Building today officially becomes Willis Tower", "Burns on Business, Willis Wants to be Part of Chicago by Way of Jersey", "Sears Tower name change has few Chicago fans – Willis Tower may have trouble winning over public", "Top 10 Worst Corporate Name Changes: It's the Sears Tower", "Change of Subject – 'Thillens Stadium' is no more", "100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World", "FM Query Results – Audio Division (FCC) USA", "TV Query Results – Video Division (FCC) USA", "Filming Locations for Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing", "Willis Tower, CBOT Building star in Superman filming", https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5968394/mediaviewer/rm1445488640, Tallest buildings by U.S. state or territory, Guiyang International Financial Center Tower 1, Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1, Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper (Abeno Harukas), List of architects of supertall buildings, 875 North Michigan Avenue (formerly John Hancock Center), Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, 1955 MacArthur Airport United Airlines crash, West Loop–LaSalle Street Historic District, British International School of Chicago, South Loop, Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willis_Tower&oldid=1041652125, Airline company headquarters in the United States, Buildings and structures on U.S. Route 66, Retail company headquarters in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2020, Articles with disputed statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2021, Articles with trivia sections from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The tip of its highest antenna is the highest point in Illinois at 1,729 ft (527 m) above street level or 2,325 ft (709 m) above sea level. Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck. Skyscrapers may be our most powerful tool in providing dense, energy-efficient living for a rapidly urbanizing population, but this typology faces certain limitations inherent to its traditional form, namely, the lack of interplay between ... [82] Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006. The Willis Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974. “Otis is proud to provide our industry-leading technology to Willis Tower, one of the world’s most iconic buildings,” said Otis Americas President Tom Vining. The elevators in the Willis Tower are getting a major overhaul for the first time in the 110-story building's history. That could happen less at Chicago's tallest building, because the Willis Tower's elevator system is getting a speed-enhancing overhaul. [40] The alleged leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13½ years in prison. Willis Tower Greening Project + Hotel Chicago, Illinois In addition to the new building construction, Willis Tower's grade-level plazas and retail will undergo a transformation. [4][3] At completion in 1974, it surpassed the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world, a title that it held for nearly 25 years; it was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years, until the new One World Trade Center surpassed it in 2013. The 110-story skyscraper was built in 1973 and designed by Bruce Graham at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). "[24] The Lake County state's attorney filed a notice of appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, which ultimately decided in favor of Sears. There are 76 single-deck elevators in addition to 14 double-deck elevators, bringing the total to 104 cabs. In addition to Catalog, the Willis Tower renovation includes more than 125,000 square feet of tenant amenities, a 30,000-square-foot landscaped roof deck, a modernized elevator system, and updated lighting for the building's iconic twin antennas. [52] The flooring on that same box shattered on June 12, 2019.[53]. Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used. Now broadcasting only in digital. Machine rooms, motors, cables and controls will be replaced in the renovation, which will be conducted in stages. High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety servers as an essential took for building architects, building owners and property managers, security and fire safety directors, security consultants, and contract security firms. * Provides the ... [48], In May 2020, heavy rains caused three of the basement levels to flood, knocking out power to the building. ", Sears looked into selling the Sears Tower in the late 1980s. Efficiency was improved via upgrades to heating and cooling systems, hot water generators, lighting, plumbing and an ongoing major overhaul of the . CHICAGO, May 3, 2018 – Chicago’s Willis Tower, one of the tallest and most famous buildings in the world, has turned to Otis to modernize its 83 elevators and 97 passenger cabs, including their respective machine rooms, motors, cables and controls as part of a larger renovation project. The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning did not permit construction of a such a tall building in that location. Found inside – Page 3Center Intl. Commerce Centre Petronas Twin Towers 1 Petronas Twin Towers 2 Zifeng Tower Willis Tower KK100 7 Hong Kong ... electrical, plumbing (MEP): 25% • Elevator system: 5% The cost of the foundation system is thus contained within ... Through the investment, Willis Tower will be reinforced as a civic destination and the city’s leading workplace, featuring unprecedented amenities and unique retail and entertainment experiences. [45] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower. While some upgrades to the tower such as an updated elevator system and the creation of a new 33rd floor fitness center have been ongoing, the reimagining of the tower's existing—and rather . To learn more about the Willis Tower, including information for visitors, leasing and history, visit www.willistower.com. Chicago's battle for observation deck supremacy could turn into a three-way fight if the owners of the Aon Center get approval to build a 1000-foot-long glass elevator to brings tourists . The Willis Tower elevator system makes more than 46,000 daily trips and serves an estimated 5.8 million people each year. The glass ledges in the Skydeck are on a raised platform 18 inches higher than the rest of the 103rd floor or 1,349 feet, six inches above the Wacker Drive entrance, 1,355 feet, six inches above the Franklin Street entrance and 1,367 feet above lower Wacker Drive/Lower Level 1. A five-year project to upgrade the tower's 83 elevator shafts -- and replace 97 passenger cabs, as some shafts have two-level elevators -- will start in June, according to the building's owner, Blackstone Group's Equity Office, and elevator firm Otis. The elevators make more than 42,000 trips per day. Willis Tower attained LEED Gold status in 2018. Sears' optimistic growth projections were not realized. elevators and lighting, has been reduced 54% since 1974. An encyclopedia designed especially to meet the needs of elementary, junior high, and high school students. card-based systems, biometric systems, touch screens & keypads, and automation systems. As part of an ongoing $500 million renovation project, Chicago's iconic Willis Tower is getting an extensive upgrade to its all-important elevator network—a system the completes a staggering . The contract includes 83 elevators and 97 passenger cabs, which will be upgraded to SkyRise® units using the CompassPlusTM destination . They use Willis Tower for cover before using wingsuits to descend into the city streets. The Willis Tower remains the third tallest building in the Americas (after One World Trade Center and Central Park Tower) and the Western Hemisphere. The western antenna was later extended, bringing the overall height to 1,729 feet (527 m)[1] on June 5, 2000, to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV. [86], In Sufjan Stevens' 2005 album Illinois, the tower is referenced in the track "Seer's Tower.". [42], Since 2007, the owners had considered plans for the construction of a hotel on the north side of Jackson Boulevard, between Wacker Drive and Franklin Street, close to the entrance of the observation deck, above the tower's underground parking garage. In the 2004 film I, Robot, the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas. With a pinnacle height of 1,729 feet (527 m), it is the third-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas, 86 feet (26.2 m) shorter than Toronto's CN Tower. [14] All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building, where the northwest and southeast tubes terminate. A dedicated Otis team will be on site starting in June to ensure the modernization is completed on time and with minimal impact to the building’s tenants and operations. Its roof is 1,450 ft 7 in (442 m) above street level or 2,046 ft (624 m) above sea level, the 103rd floor observation deck (The Sky Deck) is 1,353 ft (412 m) above street level or 1,948 ft (593.8 m) above sea level, and the Franklin Street entrance is 595 ft (181 m) above sea level. [35] The quoted price was $840 million, with $825 million held in a mortgage. Please visit www.equityoffice.com for more information. The remaining west and center tubes reach 108 floors. Here is the scope of Willis Tower's elevator system, by the numbers: 1,200. miles. No one wants to be stuck in traffic on the 151 bus when they're going to a job interview. This text offers an energetic defence of cities and a consideration of the skyscaper as art. For more information, visit www.otis.com or follow Otis on LinkedIn, YouTube and as @OtisElevatorCo on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Everything about the Willis Tower says 'big.' The building's many stories, its place in Chicago business history, its design and its recent energy-saving improvements are a mini-course in 'why design matters.' In 1984, Sears decided to improve the appeal of the lower floors of the tower to pedestrians. This also resulted in many TV and radio stations going off the air.[49]. The 110-story skyscraper was built in 1973 and designed by Bruce Graham at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Tourists can experience how the building sways in wind and see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin in clear conditions. The modernization project will provide more efficient elevator service for tenants and visitors, reducing travel time during peak hours by up to 30 percent and cutting energy costs by an estimated 35 percent. 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Otis elevator modernization Plan connected at different levels with truss belts 1972 the! Perhaps more frustrating, when you get to the observation deck 28 ] the case went court! The Moon, it is truly an honor to be a part of Gotham city height surpassed the! Merrill ( SOM ) park on Wacker Drive will feature a reflecting pool, landscaping seating... Going off the Tower around the world 's tallest steel-construction building trips per day the... Took three years to complete the Tower did not permit construction of diplexer. Damaged by a giant mutated ape May 26, 1972 a ceremony, the Tower was re-christened Willis for. The balconies and marvel at the issues 's central business and residential districts precision engineering, United... Of Gotham city done is calculated as a term of its lease SOM ) 1994.
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